tailieunhanh - Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate

In many European countries incineration is used as an important means of waste disposal in urban areas. The proportion of waste disposal by this route varies across Europe, from 13% in Italy to 53% in Switzerland, with an average value of 20 %. However, in some countries (for example, Portugal, Spain) the use of incineration is not used or is under consiration as a new option for waste disposal. Two main types of pollutants (combustion gases and fly ash) are emitted from incinerators. Fly ash is composed of soot, trace metals, mineral dust, and partially burnt material with a size distribution between 5 and some 150µm | Air Pollution Action in a Changing Climate w P E Department of The Scottish Government Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru Welsh Assembly Government the Environment ổ defra Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs Crown copyright 2010 Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design rests with the Crown. This publication excluding the royal arms and departmental logos may be reused free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reused accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as crown copyright and the title of the publication specified. Traffic photos on front cover and page 10 John Bower 2010 Shipping photo provided courtesy of Nigel Barraclough Further copies of this booklet are available from Defra Publications Admail 6000 London SW1A 2XX Email defra@ Tel 08459 556000 This document is available on the Defra website http environment quality air airquality strategy Published by the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs PB13378 Ministerial Foreword Over the last 50 years air quality has improved beyond all recognition. The choking smogs of the 1950s are a thing of the past driven by concerted action especially on energy use and transport. But air pollution still significantly reduces average life expectancy causes many extra admissions to hospitals and damages the natural environment. Surveys repeatedly show that people care strongly about air pollution predominantly in urban and industrial areas but also in other surroundings. So in common with other countries we have to take further steps. Taking action to reduce the effects of climate change provides an excellent opportunity to deliver further benefits to both air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Both arise from broadly the same sources and will therefore benefit from many of the same measures so the combined benefits are substantially greater .