tailieunhanh - Economies of Conflict Private Sector Activity in Armed Conflict phần 4

chuyển dịch của các lực lượng quân sự trong quá trình sản xuất dầu yêu cầu đầu tư và bảo lãnh (hợp đồng, an ninh, vv) mà chỉ một liên minh giữa các công ty dầu mỏ và các chính phủ có thể cung cấp. Hầu hết các công ty, phụ thuộc vào chính quyền sở tại | might be used for tracking purposes. Even the legitimate diamond industry has been shrouded in secrecy for generations. Half the world s production or more is mined in countries with unstable or secretive governments an almost foolproof recipe for expanded and deepened criminality. The value of rough diamond production was approximately US billion in 2000. This was converted into billion in diamond jewellery sales of which the diamond content was approximately billion. At least 20 per cent of the rough diamonds that are sold each year are in one way or another illicit providing a ready-made cover for the conflict diamonds that are the subject of current international interest. Efforts to Curb the Problem The effort to halt conflict diamonds began in 1998 with a UN Security Council resolution on Angola. UN Security Council embargoes have been proven an effective means of alerting importing countries to the problem of conflict diamonds the current ban on Liberian diamonds has effectively stopped the laundering conflict and illicit diamonds via Liberia. It has not however stopped the flow of conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone. Sanctions on Angola have also not stopped the flow of diamonds. The diamond industry NGOs politicians individual governments and the United Nations have become engaged in a large and concerted effort to deal with the issue. For diamond producing countries many of them developing countries the resource is crucial for economic development. For the diamond industry the challenge has been twofold. First it has a moral obligation to make sure that its product is not tainted. Second there has been a public relations problem fanned by a growing number of churches and NGOs which have threatened the reputation of the industry and its product. Diamond bourses around the world began developing codes of conduct in 2000. However while several companies have been named in UN Security Council Reports little has been done in part because the .