tailieunhanh - Indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels

Edwards et al (2006) report indoor air quality monitoring in nearly 400 households in the three provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Zhejiang in 2002-2003. Great care was taken to select homes that reflect the diversity of fuels and stove technology and stove performance in China. PM4 concentrations in 75 percent of kitchens and 73 percent of living rooms during the winter - and 48 percent of kitchens and 46 percent of living rooms during the summer - exceeded the national indoor air quality PM10 standard of 150 ug/m3 for a 24 hour average. If PM10. | Chapter 18 Indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels Kirk R. Smith Sumi Mehta and Mirjam Maeusezahl-Feuz Summary This chapter summarizes the methodology used to assess the burden of disease caused by indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels. Most research into and control of indoor air pollution worldwide has focused on sources of particular concern in developed countries such as environmental tobacco smoke ETS volatile organic compounds from furnishings and radon from soil. Although these pollutants have impacts on health little is known about their global distribution. Thus we focus solely on indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels the most widespread traditional source of indoor air pollution on a global scale. In order to be consistent with the epidemiological literature binary classifications of household use of solid fuels biomass and coal were used as a practical surrogate for actual exposure to indoor air pollution. Specifically household solid fuel use was estimated at the national level using binary classifications of exposure to household fuel use . solid fuel and non-solid fuel gas kerosene electricity . We estimated exposure to smoke from solid fuel by combining a number of national surveys of household fuel use into a regression model that predicts use according to independent development-related variables such as income and urbanization. Although this method was necessary owing to the current paucity of quantitative data on exposure we acknowledge that it overlooks the large variability of exposure within households using solid fuels. As pollution emissions from the use of solid fuel may not always indicate high exposures we have adjusted exposure estimates by a second term the ventilation factor which is based on qualitative measures of ventilation. Estimates of relative risk obtained from epidemiological studies were combined in meta-analyses for three disease end-points for which there is strong evidence of an