tailieunhanh - Diffusion Solids Fundamentals Diffusion Controlled Solid State Episode 1 Part 2

Tham khảo tài liệu 'diffusion solids fundamentals diffusion controlled solid state episode 1 part 2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Pioneers and Landmarks of Diffusion 7 worldwide recognition. Smoluchowski also served as president of the Polish Tatra Society and received the Silberne Edelweiss from the German and Austrian Alpine Society an award given to distinguished alpinists. Smoluchowski s interest for molecular statistics led him already around 1900 to consider BROWNian motion. He did publish his results not before 1906 17 18 under the impetus of Einstein s first paper. Smoluchowski later studied BROWNian motion for particles under the influence of an external force 19 20 . Einstein s and Smoluchowski s scientific paths crossed again when both considered the theory of the scattering of light near the critical state of a fluid the critical opalescence. Smoluchowski died as a result of a dysentery epidemic aggravated by wartime conditions in 1917. Einstein wrote a sympathetic obituary for him with special reference to Smolu-chowski s interest in fluctuations 21 . Atomic reality Perrin s experiments The idea that matter was made up of atoms was already postulated by Demokrit of Abdeira an ancient Greek philosopher who lived about four hundred years before Christ. However an experimental proof had to wait for more than two millennia. The concept of atoms and molecules took strong hold of the scientific community since the time of English scientist John Dalton 1766-1844 . It was also shown that the ideas of the Italian scientist Amadeo Avogadro 1776-1856 could be used to construct a table of atomic weights a central idea of chemistry and physics. Most scientists were willing to accept atoms as real since the facts of chemistry and the kinetic theory of gases provided strong indirect evidence. Yet there were famous sceptics. Perhaps the most prominent ones were the German physical chemist and Nobel laureate Wilhelm Ostwald 1853-1932 and the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach 1938-1916 . They agreed that atomic theory was a useful way of summarising experience. However the lack of direct .