tailieunhanh - Permitted water pollution discharges and population cancer and non-cancer mortality: toxicity weights and upstream discharge effects in US rural-urban areas

We interviewed officials in EPA’ s Office of Water; Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation; and all 10 of EPA’ s regional offices. On the bssis of these discussions and our literature review, we identified four projects in which pollutant trading has occurred or has been proposed. We then visited these four projectrs--the Dillon and Cherry Creek reservoirs in Colorado, the Tar-Pamlico River basin in North Carolina, and the Fox River in Wisconsin-and interviewed . | Hendryx et al. International Journal of Health Geographies 2012 11 9 http content 11 1 9 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS RESEARCH Open Access Permitted water pollution discharges and population cancer and non-cancer mortality toxicity weights and upstream discharge effects in US rural-urban areas Michael Hendryx1 2 4 Jamison Conley1 3 Evan Fedorko1 3 Juhua Luo1 2 and Matthew Armistead 1 Abstract Background The study conducts statistical and spatial analyses to investigate amounts and types of permitted surface water pollution discharges in relation to population mortality rates for cancer and non-cancer causes nationwide and by urban-rural setting. Data from the Environmental Protection Agency s EPA Discharge Monitoring Report DMR were used to measure the location type and quantity of a selected set of 38 discharge chemicals for 10 395 facilities across the contiguous US. Exposures were refined by weighting amounts of chemical discharges by their estimated toxicity to human health and by estimating the discharges that occur not only in a local county but area-weighted discharges occurring upstream in the same watershed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC mortality files were used to measure age-adjusted population mortality rates for cancer kidney disease and total non-cancer causes. Analysis included multiple linear regressions to adjust for population health risk covariates. Spatial analyses were conducted by applying geographically weighted regression to examine the geographic relationships between releases and mortality. Results Greater non-carcinogenic chemical discharge quantities were associated with significantly higher noncancer mortality rates regardless of toxicity weighting or upstream discharge weighting. Cancer mortality was higher in association with carcinogenic discharges only after applying toxicity weights. Kidney disease mortality was related to higher non-carcinogenic discharges only when .