tailieunhanh - Consequences of Decentralization: Environmental Impact Assessment and Water Pollution Control in Indonesia

Areas with high concentrations of air-borne particulate matter are more likely to experience fogs, because these particles are preferred nucleation sites for water droplets. Smoke and soot are also very undesirable aesthetically. Soot is formed during combustion when the supply of oxygen is insufficient for complete conversion of carbon to carbon oxides. Its formation is mainly a problem in the combustion of liquid and solid fuels (oil, coal, or wood), because molecular-scale mixing of fuel and oxygen is not as easy here as it is in the combustion of natural gas (see below). The most familiar experience with soot is the powdery “black stuff” inside chimneys. It. | Consequences of Decentralization Environmental Impact Assessment and Water Pollution Control in Indonesia ADRIAAN BEDNER After having been one of the most centralized states in the world for more than thirty years in 2001 Indonesia introduced a sweeping program of decentralization with important consequences for the management of the industrial sector. This article explores whether the decentralization process has led to substantial changes in Environmental Impact Assessment EIA and enforcement of water pollution law. Its main findings are that the general division of authority in both fields has become less fragmented and that differences between districts have increased but in practice not so much has changed as one would have expected. For EIA horizontal disputes between sectoral agencies have been supplanted by vertical disputes between different levels of government. Monitoring and sanctioning of industrial water pollution have mainly continued within the scheme of the provincial program started under Soeharto s centralized regime with still few initiatives at the district level. If any such initiatives are usually driven by public complaints. On the other hand there are indications that in the longer run the institutional changes may have more significant effects on EIA and enforcement practice. For EIA these seem to be negative for enforcement of water pollution regulation this depends much on the situation within a district or a province. INTRODUCTION The way authority is divided across levels of government has a clear influence on the performance of environmental control meaning the processes of standard setting monitoring and imposing sanctions in order to protect the environment. The multifaceted nature of environmental damage and pollution from a fully localized affair to something with impacts on a global scale makes it difficult to determine an ideal situation from a government perspective. Authority over environmental control therefore is a subject .

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