tailieunhanh - Ebook: Handbook of psychology phần 2

44 HỌC THUYẾT tâm lý đặc điểm tâm lý các bài kiểm tra tâm thần thường xuất phát từ một hoặc cả hai của hai cách tiếp cận lý thuyết hàng đầu để kiểm tra xây dựng: kiểm tra lý thuyết cổ điển và lý thuyết đáp ứng mục. Mặc dù nó được phổ biến cho các học giả tương phản hai cách tiếp cận . | 44 Psychometric Characteristics of Assessment Procedures Educational and Psychological Testing American Educational Research Association 1999 and recommendations by such authorities as Anastasi and Urbina 1997 Bracken 1987 Cattell 1986 Nunnally and Bernstein 1994 and Salvia and Ysseldyke 2001 . PSYCHOMETRIC THEORIES The psychometric characteristics of mental tests are generally derived from one or both of the two leading theoretical approaches to test construction classical test theory and item response theory. Although it is common for scholars to contrast these two approaches . Embretson Hershberger 1999 most contemporary test developers use elements from both approaches in a complementary manner Nunnally Bernstein 1994 . Classical Test Theory Classical test theory traces its origins to the procedures pioneered by Galton Pearson Spearman and E. L. Thorndike and it is usually defined by Gulliksen s 1950 classic book. Classical test theory has shaped contemporary investigations of test score reliability validity and fairness as well as the widespread use of statistical techniques such as factor analysis. At its heart classical test theory is based upon the assumption that an obtained test score reflects both true score and error score. Test scores may be expressed in the familiar equation Observed Score True Score Error In this framework the observed score is the test score that was actually obtained. The true score is the hypothetical amount of the designated trait specific to the examinee a quantity that would be expected if the entire universe of relevant content were assessed or if the examinee were tested an infinite number of times without any confounding effects of such things as practice or fatigue. Measurement error is defined as the difference between true score and observed score. Error is uncorrelated with the true score and with other variables and it is distributed normally and uniformly about the true score. Because its influence is random the .