tailieunhanh - Accounting for Changes in Social Support Among Married Older Adults: Insights From the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Moral virtues or permanent attitudes and interior strength for moral behavior. Among these virtues, those which have special relevance to accounting are fairness, integrity, truthfulness, honesty, loyalty, faithfulness, trustworthiness, service to the common good, gratitude and benevolence. Courage, perseverance, competence, diligence, professional will, humility, and other self-mastering virtues which help to defeat inner resistance to act as one should. Practical wisdom, as has been said, provides capacity to perceive the right means for each virtue. Discussions of creative accounting have focused mainly on the impact on decision of investors in the stock market. Reasons for the. | Psychology and Aging 2003 Vol. 18 No. 3 487-496 Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association Inc. 0882-7974 03 DOI Accounting for Changes in Social Support Among Married Older Adults Insights From the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging Regan A. R. Gurung University of Wisconsin Green Bay Shelley E. Taylor and Teresa E. Seeman University of California Los Angeles Using longitudinal community-based data from the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging the authors examined determinants of changes in social support receipt among 439 married older adults. In general social support increased over time especially for those with many preexisting social ties but those experiencing more psychological distress and cognitive dysfunction reported more negative encounters with others. Gender affected social support receipt Men received emotional support primarily from their spouses whereas women drew more heavily on their friends and relatives and children for emotional support. Discussion centers on the importance of social support provision to those with the greatest needs. By the year 2050 life expectancy for men and women will have increased by almost 15 years from what it was in the year 2000 . Bureau of the Census 2000 . These increases in life expectancy coupled with changing needs that may require social support highlight the importance of understanding the social networks of older adults the factors that influence social support receipt and the factors that may threaten the availability of this important resource. The present study focused especially on gender and on individual differences such as depression cognitive and physical functioning and self-efficacy that may affect social support receipt over time. Importance of Social Support Social support and social networks have positive effects on the health and well-being of adults of all ages Antonucci Jackson 1987 Bowling 1994 Fratiglioni Wang Ericsson Mayten Wimblad .