tailieunhanh - An accounting of the Observed increase in Oceanic and atmospheric cO2 and an Outlook for the Future

While the evidence documents significant use of accounting numbers in determining cash compensation, both the determinants of cash compensation and the importance of cash compensation in the overall incentive package exhibit significant time trends. Bushman, Engel, Milliron, and Smith (1998) document that over the 1971-95 period, firms have substituted away from accounting earnings toward other information in determining top executives’ cash compensation. It has also been documented that the contribution of cash compensation to the overall intensity of top executive incentives has diminished in recent years. Recent studies construct explicit measures of the sensitivity of the value of stock and. | SPECIAL ISSUE FEATURE BY PIETER TANS An Accounting of the Observed Increase in Oceanic and Atmospheric CO2 and an Outlook for the FutUre ABSTRACT. Observations of CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere and ocean show that they are approximately equal to the total amount emitted by burning of fossil fuels since 1850. A mass balance calculation is carried out with ocean uptake satisfying two observed constraints and with net terrestrial emissions as the remainder. The calculation illustrates that before 1940 net terrestrial emissions were positive and have been negative since then making their cumulative contribution in 2008 rather small. The overall evidence strongly suggests that the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is 100 due to human activities and is dominated by fossil fuel burning. Some simple projections of atmospheric CO2 and therefore also of surface pCO2 for most of the ocean are made with plausible future scenarios of fossil fuel emissions only taking into account features of the carbon cycle that are quite well established. OBSERVED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 OVER THE LAST THOUSAND YEARS David Keeling was the first to make very accurate measurements of carbon dioxide CO2 in air Keeling 1958 1960 Pales and Keeling 1965 . His innovations were the extensive use of carefully calibrated reference gas mixtures with a continuously operating infrared IR spectrometer and the very accurate manometric calibration of each reference gas. The measurements were backed up from the start by independent grab samples of air in flasks one pair or triplicate per week obtained near the air intake of the IR analyzer. The flasks were all sent to Scripps Institution of Oceanography for analysis. The instruments have evolved since then but not the principles of calibration and comparison to independent methods. These principles are still at the core of the present international global network of atmospheric greenhouse gas measurements coordinated by the United Nations World Meteorological .

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