tailieunhanh - Essentials of child psychopathology - part 4

Mặc dù nỗi sợ hãi phổ biến ở trẻ em, tính chất và số lượng những lo ngại thay đổi theo tuổi tác. Một số lo ngại chung của các giai đoạn khác nhau phát triển được báo cáo nhanh chóng tham khảo 5,2. Phần lớn các nghiên cứu báo cáo rằng số lượng của những nỗi sợ hãi từ chối với tuổi. | ANXIETY DISORDERS 85 Rữpd Reference The Developmental Nature of Children s Common Fears Developmental Age Common Fears Toddler stage Preschool Elementary school Strangers toileting activities personal injury Imaginary creatures monsters the dark animals Small animals the dark lightning and thunder threats to personal safety Middle school Health dental treatment being sent to the principal s office Adolescence Physical illness medical procedures public speaking sexual matters political economic conditions and catastrophies war Source. Adapted from Barrios and Hartmann 1997. PHOBIAS AND FEARS Although fears are common in childhood the nature and number of fears change with age. Some common fears of various developmental stages are reported in Rapid Reference . The majority of studies report that the number of fears declines with age. A Specific Phobia is a persistent significant fear of an object or place that does not have a reasonable basis DSM-IV-TR . Adults and older children will be aware that this fear is unreasonable although very young children may not. Avoidance of the feared object or event is frequent. Exposure to the feared object may elicit significant physiological responses such as dizziness shortness of breath increased heart rate and even fainting. The focus of the fear is anticipation of harm in some way . fear of dogs is a fear of being bitten . Responses of heightened anxiety increase as the child moves closer to the feared object. Often a strong desire to escape is imminent and inability to escape may result in heightened arousal panic . Having a Specific Phobia increases the likelihood of CAUTION A diagnosis of Specific Phobia is not made unless the phobia interferes with functioning to a significant degree. In child and adolescent populations under 18 years of age the phobia must be present for at least 6 months DSM-IV-TR . 86 ESSENTIALS OF CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CAUTION Childhood is a time when many immunizations are most .