tailieunhanh - IN THE COMMON DEFENSE Part 2

Để chắc chắn, tuyên bố này là khó khăn để chứng minh. Khái niệm này tuy nhiên thực tế. Chúng tôi biết, tất nhiên, tinh thần của lực lượng vũ trang được cải thiện với những kiến thức hỗ trợ công cộng. | National Security Law 27 Risk-taking in the field also increases where the government exercises shared authority. For sure this statement is hard to demonstrate. The concept is nonetheless real. We know of course that Armed Forces morale improves with the knowledge of public support. But I am talking as well about the intelligence instrument and specifically risk-taking. As reflected in statements made to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 9 11 Commission there is a cultural perception in the intelligence community that there is danger in acting too aggressively when the authority to do so is unclear or subject to political change. Where authority is embedded in statute intelligence actors are on their surest footing. There can be no legitimate debate as to what was or was not authorized and therefore no excuse for not leaning forward in execution unless the law itself is written with intentional or inadvertent ambiguity . As President Carter stated when he signed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act FISA into law it assures that those who serve this country in intelligence positions will have the affirmation of Congress that their activities are lawful. 7 The inclusion of independent checks on executive action also reduces the potential for mistake because the executive takes particular care in what it tells the Congress and what it says in court. War powers reports for example may be bland but they necessitate an internal process before they are submitted that causes senior officials to check their assumptions and their arguments before they send the report to the president and then to the Congress. More generally the executive process of review tends to be more rigorous and more inclusive of views than when a decision is taken unilaterally just as an inter-agency review is more inclusive than single intra-agency review within the executive branch. That does not mean mistakes are frequent but they tend to be devastating to .