tailieunhanh - Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law Part 8

Quyền thương mại và các đánh giá của chính phủ châu Âu không công nhận quyền thương mại đã được một chủ đề liên tục kỷ luật. Khi các công ty như Công ty Đông Ấn Anh, thực hiện quyền chủ quyền. | 252 IMPERIALISM sovereignty and international law precisely because French traders for example were denied access to British colonies. The right to trade and the assessment of non-European government in terms of its recognition of the right to trade has been a continuous theme of the discipline. When companies such as the British East India Company exercising sovereign rights administered the territories of non-European peoples they established systems of law and governance that were directed at furthering the commercial relations that were the very sine qua non of their existence. Commerce and governance were not merely complementary but identical a corporation exercised the power of government. The governance of non-European territories was assessed principally on the basis of whether it enabled Europeans to live and trade as they wished. Thus according to Westlake non-European states were uncivilized unless they could provide a system of government under the protection of which . . . the former Europeans may carry on the complex life to which they have been accustomed in their homes .22 If such government was lacking Westlake argued government should be furnished .23 Capitulation systems protectorate arrangements and outright conquest could remedy the situation. The explicit association between governance and commerce was gradually elaborated over time to establish a more morally nuanced justification for commerce and colonialism after the decline of trading companies and the direct engagement of European governments in the imperial enterprise. Thus during the Berlin Conference -- which was preoccupied precisely with the orderly exploitation of Africa by the great European powers -- commerce was characterized by Bismarck as a crucial means of spreading civilization itself. The link between commerce and civilization was further elaborated of course through the concept of the dual mandate as developed by Chamberlain and Lugard We develop new territory as Trustees