tailieunhanh - International Environmental Law Part 4

ICAM đã được phát triển trong các lĩnh vực khác nhau của thế giới. Nó được thực hiện bởi 447 toàn cầu, các quốc gia, và subnational trong ít nhất 95 quốc gia phát triển và đang phát triển và semisovereign các quốc gia. | Integrated Coastal Zone Management 145 ICAM such as the World Bank 29 the OECD 30 the FAO 31 the UNEP regional seas program 32 the UNESCO 33 the GESAMP 34 and the IMO. ICAM has been developed in different areas of the world. It is practiced by 447 global national and subnational entities in at least 95 developed and developing countries and semisovereign states. An international survey of forty-three ICAM projects however has found that only 12 percent of these projects are fully ICAM has been applied with mixed success within the Mediterranean Action Plan MAP regime. The Coastal Areas Management Programmes CAMPs in the Mediterranean region have been guided by the Priorities Action Programme PAP .36 In the European Union ICAM is referred to as Integrated Coastal Zone Management ICZM . The Community has engaged in efforts to develop an ICZM. The European Environment Agency EEA has defined ICZM as a dynamic multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones. 37 Many of the elements of ICZM are still in the process of being defined. A distinguishing element between coastal zone management and river basin management is that whereas rivers could be shared by many states coasts are clearly under an individual state s jurisdiction. Despite this technical matter however it would be difficult to separate coastal zone management from river basin management in areas where rivers end up in the sea and affect coastal zones. Coastal zone management has been associated more with land-use planning and marine resources management. River basin management has been associated with freshwater 29 World Bank Africa A Framework for Integrated Coastal Zone Management Environmentally Sustainable Development Division and Land Water and Habitats Division Africa Region 1995 . Comprehensive guidelines for integrated management also were presented at a conference in Noordwijk Netherlands sponsored by the World Bank. See Guidelines for .