tailieunhanh - Quantitative Economics How sustainable are our economies by Peter Bartelmus_7

Tham khảo tài liệu 'quantitative economics how sustainable are our economies by peter bartelmus_7', kinh doanh - tiếp thị phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 148 8 SEEA - The System for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting compensated are also inconsistent with market prices the basic valuation principle of the national accounts. The inconsistency stems from the inclusion of consumer surplus in willingness to pay declared by individuals. Interview-based valuations also face problems of free-rider attitudes and consumer ignorance. These are the reasons why the national accounts do not consider welfare measurement as their main objective and focus instead on the market values of goods and services. A few environmental accounting studies applied contingent and related damage valuations with questionable results Section . The original SEEA focuses therefore on supply-side valuations considering the use of welfare valuations as exploratory and experimental United Nations 1993 . The SEEA-2003 on the other hand deals extensively with CBA valuations since damage-adjusted income clearly says something about the country s revenue-creation capacity under prevailing conditions United Nations et al. in prep. . There is no explanation however how these conditions including environmental ones relate to production and income-generation capacities. The practical solution for including environmental impacts in environmental accounting - beyond economic resource accounting - is therefore maintenance costing. Costing the maintenance of environmental capital is the anchor which prevents environmental accounts from drifting away into the realm of welfare measurement and analysis Bartelmus 1998 . SEEA Objectives Structure and Indicators In response to the above-mentioned criticisms of the national accounts the original SEEA set the following objectives for greening the accounts Bartelmus 2001 Segregation and elaboration of all environment-related flows and stocks of the conventional national accounts including environmental protection expenditures as part of a broader concept of defensive expenditures Linkage of physical .