tailieunhanh - HANDBOOK OF ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY - PART 4

sự khác biệt trong hành vi vấn đề thường xuyên được quan sát thấy. Girls, ví dụ, ít thường xuyên tham gia vào các hành vi vấn đề hơn là nam và có khả năng chấm dứt sự tham gia của họ vào các hành vi như vậy sớm hơn là nam (Ensminger, năm 1990; Petersen, Richmond, và Leffert, 1993). | Gender Differences in Adolescence 247 differences in problem behaviors have frequently been observed. Girls for instance are less often engaged in problem behaviors than are boys and are likely to terminate their involvement in such behaviors sooner than are boys Ensminger 1990 Petersen Richmond Leffert 1993 . A recent meta-analysis of 150 studies on gender differences in risk-taking behavior which overlaps to some extent with problem behavior but may also be broader including categories of intellectual risks and risk taking in physical skills found an interesting pattern of results Byrnes Miller Schafer 1999 . Whereas the overall average effect size was significant but small with males taking more risks than females d .13 the size of the difference depended on the category of risk taking as well as on the age of the participants classified into five groups ranging from 3- to 9-year-olds to over 21 years . A gender difference in drinking and using drugs was found only in 18- to 21-year-olds and in those over age 21. More college-age males 18 to 21 years reported drinking and drug use d .17 whereas more females over age 21 reported drinking and drug use d . A gender gap in reckless driving with males reporting more of it was strongest in 18- to 21-year-olds d .37 and in those over age 21 d .85 compared to 14- to 17-year-olds d .16 . The only age group in which there was a significant gender difference in smoking was among 18- to 21-year-olds higher in females . Finally more males than females engaged in risky sexual activities in early adolescence ages 10 to 13 d .60 in middle adolescence ages 14 to 17 d .22 and at college age d .18 but in those over 21 more females engaged in risky sex d . The authors reported that overall the gender gap seems to be diminishing over time Byrnes et al. 1999 . What explains differential rates of problem behaviors or risk taking in males and females Many theories abound Byrnes et al. 1999 . For example Arnett 1992 referred .