tailieunhanh - Guidelines on Bladder Cancer Muscle-invasive and Metastatic

There are 2 main types of adrenal cortex tumors: benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancers). Most of these tumors are benign and are called adenomas. Cancers of the adrenal cortex are rare. These 2 types of tumors can sometimes be hard to tell apart when the cells are looked at under the microscope. Although experienced pathologists (doctors that are trained to look at tissue under the microscope) can tell the difference in most cases, sometimes the only way to know for sure that the tumor is a cancer is when it has spread. If it has spread to lymph nodes or. | Guidelines on 1 Bladder Cancer Muscle-invasive and Metastatic A. Stenzl chairman . Witjes vice-chairman E. Compérat . Cowan M. De Santis M. Kuczyk T. Lebret . Ribal A. Sherif European Association of Urology 2012 European Association of Urology TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 5 The guideline 5 Methodology 5 Data identification 5 Publication history 5 Summary of updated information 6 References 6 2. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS 7 Epidemiology 7 Risk factors for bladder cancer 7 Tobacco smoking 7 Occupational exposure to chemicals 8 Radiation therapy 8 Dietary factors 8 Bladder schistosomiasis 8 Chronic urinary tract infection 8 Chemotherapy 9 Synchronous and metachronous upper urinary tract tumours 9 Gender 9 Race and socio-economic status 9 Conclusions and recommendations for epidemiology and risk factors 10 References 10 3. CLASSIFICATION 12 Tumour Node Metastasis classification 12 Histological grading of non-muscle-invasive bladder tumours 13 WHO grading 13 Pathology 13 Urologist handling of specimens 13 Pathologist handling of specimens 14 Pathology of muscle-invasive bladder cancer 14 Recommendations for the assessment of tumour specimens 14 References 15 4. DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING 16 Primary diagnosis 16 Symptoms 16 Physical examination 16 Bladder imaging 16 Urinary cytology and urinary markers 16 Cystoscopy 16 Transurethral resection TUR of invasive bladder tumours 16 Random bladder and prostatic urethral biopsy 17 Second resection 17 Concomitant prostate cancer 17 Specific recommendations for primary assessment of presumably invasive bladder tumours 17 Imaging for staging in verified bladder tumours 17 Local staging of invasive bladder cancer 18 MR imaging for local staging of invasive bladder cancer 18 CT

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