tailieunhanh - Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation

When one considers the history of gamete/embryo cryobiology, it is difficult to select a specific event and point of origin. Early basic scientific advancements in measurements of temperature and the chemistry of solutions and gases are certainly sentinel events for cryobiology. It has been suggested that original versions of a device to measure temperature were made by Galileo Galilei in the early seventeenth century. The first accurate means of measuring temperature were developed in the early 1700s by the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit through application of mercury in glass. . | _16__ Oocyte and Embryo Cryopreservation Gary D. Smith Reproductive Sciences Program Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology Urology and Molecular and Integrated Physiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan . Joyce Fioravanti Huntington Center for Reproductive Medicine of Brazil Sao Paulo Brazil HISTORY OF MAMMALIAN GAMETE EMBRYO CRYOBIOLOGY When one considers the history of gamete embryo cryobiology it is difficult to select a specific event and point of origin. Early basic scientific advancements in measurements of temperature and the chemistry of solutions and gases are certainly sentinel events for cryobiology. It has been suggested that original versions of a device to measure temperature were made by Galileo Galilei in the early seventeenth century. The first accurate means of measuring temperature were developed in the early 1700s by the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit through application of mercury in glass. Since these early days modifications of instruments to assess temperature have become significantly more accurate and easier to use. Equally important were early advancements made in the nineteenth century involving understandings of liquefaction of gases and potential use of such refrigerants to cool and store specimens at extremely low temperatures. When one traces the history of mammalian gamete cryopreservation numerous accounts reference the beginning of low-temperature biology to 1866 when an Italian military physician Mantegazza documented the observation that human spermatozoa became immotile when cooled in snow 331 332 Smith and Fioravanti 1 2 . He subsequently proposed that it might be possible for a soldier to father a child even after his death by cooling and storing spermatozoa. It is quite interesting that centuries later as technological refinement of cryopreservation has occurred many of these same reproductive quandaries exist and are still debated today 3-5 . In the .