tailieunhanh - WILDLIFE SCIENCE: LINKING ECOLOGICAL THEORY AND MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS - CHAPTER 20 (end)

Trên quy mô của lịch sử nhân loại, sự xuất hiện của nông trại như một doanh nghiệp là một hiện tượng rất gần đây. Nâng cao và thu hoạch thực phẩm, chất xơ, và các sản phẩm động vật ăn cỏ trên diện tích lớn của khô hạn trọt chắc chắn là không. Nhưng, làm nó trong bối cảnh lợi nhuận cho doanh nghiệp, nuôi sống các cư dân của thị xã, thành phố trực thuộc nhiều dặm xa xôi, chỉ bắt đầu sau khi cuộc Nội chiến Mỹ. Nó chủ yếu là phản ứng với các trình điều khiển kinh tế của. | 20 Wildlife and Ranching From Externality to Profit Center Barry H. Dunn CONTENTS Theoretical Change The Emergence of Capitalism. 356 The Power of Policy. 356 From Theory to Policy to Management Wildlife as an Externality . 357 The Jeffersonian Grid The Lens with Which We View Wildlife and Natural Resources. 357 Manifest Destiny The Power of a Belief System. 359 The Homestead Act of 1862 Economic Development and Exploitation. 360 An Alternative View of Resource Use. 361 From Theory to Policy to Management Wildlife as a Profit Center. 361 The Creation of Diamonds. 361 Changing Definitions and Creating Opportunities. 363 Concluding Thoughts . 363 References. 364 Truth resides in panoramic view rather than a local view of events. Polybius Greek statesman 2nd century On the scale of human history the emergence of ranching as a business is a very recent phenomenon. Raising and harvesting grazing animals for food fiber and by-products on large acreages of semi-arid rangeland is certainly not. But doing it in the context of a for profit business for the sustenance of the inhabitants of towns and cities many miles distant began only after the . Civil War. It was primarily a response to the economic drivers of the industrialization and urbanization of American society. It followed the destruction of America s indigenous herds of bison Bison bison pronghorn Antilocapra americana elk Cervus elaphus and deer Odocoileus spp. on its prairies and rangelands as a result of policy decisions concerning Native Americans immigrant settlement and economic exploitation. The creation of ranches with cowboys a transportation system of cattle drives and a central auction marketing system were all utilitarian responses to economic opportunity. By the turn of the twentieth century the use of rangeland resources for the production of sheep and cattle had became a major force in America s food and fiber system and grew dramatically through the first half of that century. For all but a few .