tailieunhanh - Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review (Volume 43) - Chapter 7

Đi bè của các sinh vật biển và trên mặt đất đã được báo cáo từ nhiều substrata và từ tất cả các đại dương lớn của thế giới. Ở đây chúng tôi trình bày thông tin về sinh vật phổ biến đi bè và trên các tương tác sinh thái trong chuyến đi bè. Một tài liệu nghiên cứu rộng rãi cho thấy tổng số 1205 loài, | Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review 2005 43 279-418 R. N. Gibson R. J. A. Atkinson and J. D. M. Gordon Editors Taylor Francis THE ECOLOGY OF RAFTING IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. II. THE RAFTING ORGANISMS AND COMMUNITY MARTIN THIEL1-2 LARS GUTOW3 1Facultad Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Larrondo 1281 Coquimbo Chile 2Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas CEAZA Coquimbo Chile E-mail thiel@ Fax 56 51 209 812 3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Box 180 27483 Helgoland Germany E-mail lgutow@ author for correspondence Abstract Rafting of marine and terrestrial organisms has been reported from a variety of substrata and from all major oceans of the world. Herein we present information on common rafting organisms and on ecological interactions during rafting voyages. An extensive literature review revealed a total of 1205 species for which rafting was confirmed or inferred based on distributional or genetic evidence. Rafting organisms comprised cyanobacteria algae protists invertebrates from most marine but also terrestrial phyla and even a few terrestrial vertebrates. Marine hydrozoans bryozoans crustaceans and gastropods were the most common taxa that had been observed rafting. All major feeding types were represented among rafters being dominated by grazing boring and suspension-feeding organisms which occurred on all floating substrata. Besides these principal trophic groups predators scavengers and detritus feeders were also reported. Motility of rafting organisms was highest on macroalgae and lowest on abiotic substrata such as plastics and volcanic pumice. Important trends were revealed for the reproductive biology of rafting organisms. A high proportion of clonal organisms Cnidaria and Bryozoa featured asexual reproduction often in combination with sexual reproduction. Almost all rafting organisms have internal fertilisation which may be due to the fact that