tailieunhanh - Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) - Chapter 9

Trong bản văn này, hoạt động sữa được định nghĩa là những hoạt động sản xuất sữa, nâng cao thay thế sữa bê cái, hoặc nâng cao bê cho thịt bê. Thông thường, hoạt động chăn nuôi bò sữa kết hợp sản xuất sữa và các nâng cao bò cái tơ (phụ nữ chưa trưởng thành) thay thế cho bò trưởng thành không còn sản xuất sữa kinh tế. Tuy nhiên, một số nhà sản xuất sữa có được một số hoặc tất cả các bò cái tơ thay thế (độc lập bò cái tơ hoạt động). Mặc dù một số nhà máy sữa. | 9 Dairy Operations In the distance ahead he saw a hazy brown cloud and guessed something was on fire. But the smell and immediate choking sensation in his throat as he drove past an enormous feedlot the cows obscured by the manure dust that loaded the wind and was clearly the source of the cloud introduced him to the infamous brown days of the Texas panhandle wind-borne dust he later heard called Oklahoma rain. Proulx 2002 p. 43 INTRODUCTION In this text dairy operations are defined as those operations producing milk raising dairy replacement heifers or raising calves for veal. Typically dairy operations combine milk production and the raising of heifers immature females as replacements for mature cows that no longer produce milk economically. However some milk producers obtain some or all replacement heifers standalone heifer operations . Although some dairies raise veal calves veal production is typically specialized at operations solely raising veal calves. SIZE AND LOCATION OF INDUSTRY For several decades the number of milk-producing cows has steadily decreased while the volume of milk produced has continually increased. This increased productivity has been the result of improvements in breeding programs and in feeding and management practices. Concurrently an ongoing consolidation has occurred in the dairy industry resulting in fewer but larger farms. Between 1988 and 1997 the number of dairy cows in the United States decreased by 10 and the number of dairy farms decreased by 43 USDA 1995 1999b . In 1997 approximately 117 000 dairy farms were in operation in the United States Table . These farms housed 9 309 000 mature lactating cows and 3 829 000 heifers Table . Dairy farms vary in size from herds of less than 200 to herds of 3 000 to 5 000 mature cows Cady 2000 . For this presentation dairy farm capacity is based on the inventory of mature dairy cows reported to the . Department of Agriculture USDA . Table shows the number of farms .