tailieunhanh - The Welfare of Animals Part 2

Visual nhận thức là một trong các hình thức hiểu rõ hơn nhận thức (Lomas et al, 1998), các hình thức khác của nhận thức như thính giác (Heffner, 1998), một chế độ ăn uống (Forbes, năm 1998) và nhận thức (Sommerville và Broom, năm 1998) khứu giácít được hiểu rõ. | 8 1 Definitions and Concepts of Animal Welfare Table continued Basis of assessment Purpose Examples Sensation Perception Cognition Young 1994 Griffin 1976 Problem solving . tool use Decision making Stroop effort Mental representation Meaning Volition Intent Self awareness and that of others Mental states Creativity experiences of some animals has been attempted most notably for their sensory capacities but much remains to be undertaken. Visual awareness is one of the better understood forms of awareness Lomas et al. 1998 other forms of awareness such as auditory Heffner 1998 dietary Forbes 1998 and olfactory Sommerville and Broom 1998 awareness are much less well understood. Quantifying Experiences - An Accounting Perspective Animal welfare should be considered over as long a time frame as possible. If the immediate effects of for example invasive procedures are considered the wrong conclusions about their impact on welfare can be gained if they are performed to safeguard the animal s longterm welfare. So for example the removal of skin from the hindquarters of sheep in the mulesing operation although appearing inhumane may actually improve welfare by preventing the sheep from being attached by flies. Veterinary operations are therefore often painful but may improve an animal s welfare in the long term. It is important to consider an animal s life as comprised of many experiences which can simplistically be considered good or bad. If only the quality of experiences is considered then an animal with just one good experience and no bad experiences would have the same welfare as an animal with many good experiences at the same level and no bad experiences. Thus the number of each type of experience is important as well as its quality. This can be expressed mathematically by a simple formula for animal welfare as the sum of different good and bad experiences. To arrive at this formula we must first imagine that every animal undergoes different types of good and