tailieunhanh - Anxiety Disorders an introduction to clinical management and research - part 9

Tập trung đầu nghiên cứu về các khía cạnh của ESM Chẳng hạn như phản ứng để giám sát trên Là câu trả lời báo cáo, lý do để thả ra hoặc tuân thủ kém, hiệu lực của tự báo cáo với các quan sát và so sánh đối thủ cạnh tranh sử dụng thời gian cũng như khả thi của các cá nhân | 296 . DEVRIES . CAES AND . DELESPAUL Figure SEIKO RC-100 used as the ESM sampling device with which the data may be logged in downloaded and analysed are being developed Delespaul 1992 . Compliance and Reactivity Issues Early research focused on such aspects of ESM as reactivity to being monitored on answers reported reasons for drop-out or poor compliance validity of self-reports with concurrent observation and time use comparisons as well as the feasibility of sampling individuals with various disorders Hormuth 1986 Csiksentmihalyi and Larson 1987 Delespaul 1995 . Compliance to signals has consistently remained at the 75 level across all disorders except active psychosis severe dementia melancholia and obsessive-compulsive disorders deVries 1992 . Studying these populations is not impossible but definitely more demanding. Dijkman-Caes 1993 gives detailed information on compliance and reactivity issues in panic patients. Since compliance is the key element which can make or break a study of this kind procedures that assure a research alliance have been of paramount importance such as practice periods briefings and debriefings deVries 1997 . THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHOD IN STRESS AND ANXIETY RESEARCH 297 ESM Research on Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Agoraphobic patients differed from panic patients without agoraphobia and normal controls in the amount of time spent in different social contexts and places in daily life Dijkman-Caes et al. 1993a Dijkman-Caes et al. 1993b . Agoraphobic patients spent more time at home and were more often with family than panic patients without agoraphobia and normal controls. Furthermore they reported less often being alone or in public places than normal subjects. However agoraphobic patients also differed from the other groups on demographic variables. The group of agoraphobic patients included more women and more unemployed subjects. Similar differences in demographic data more specifically the preponderance