tailieunhanh - Hazardous Industrial Waste Treatment - Chapter 11

Trong những năm đầu thế kỷ 20, hơn 60 hợp chất dễ nổ được phát triển. Kiểm tra và sử dụng vật liệu nổ cao rộng rãi đã bị ô nhiễm đất, trầm tích, và nước có dư lượng độc hại bùng nổ tại một số lượng lớn các sự cài đặt của chính phủ. Sự kết thúc của Chiến tranh Lạnh kết quả trong một thặng dư đáng kể của cả hai loại vũ khí thông thường và hạt nhân. Hoa Kỳ và Liên Xô cũ, cùng với các đồng minh của họ và nước Cộng hòa nhân dân. | 11 Explosive Waste Treatment J. Paul Chen Shuaiwen Zou and Simo Olavi Pehkonen National University of Singapore Singapore Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University Cleveland Ohio . Lawrence K. Wang Zorex Corporation Newtonville New York . and Lenox Institute of Water Technology Lenox Massachusetts . INTRODUCTION In the early 20th century more than 60 highly explosive compounds were developed. Testing and use of high explosives has extensively contaminated soil sediments and water with toxic explosive residues at a large number of government installations. The end of the Cold War resulted in a significant surplus of both conventional and nuclear weapons. The United States and the former Soviet Union together with their allies and the People s Republic of China are destroying large quantities of weapons. As a result a great many high explosives are being released directly and indirectly to the environment. These are highly toxic and mutagenic and classified as environmental hazards and priority pollutants by the . Environmental Protection Agency USEPA 1-3 . Large amounts of highly explosive wastes HEWs need to be treated. The United States Europe and the former Soviet Union have produced more than 360 000 tons of HEW per year. It is estimated that 2 4 6-trinitrotoluene TNT alone is produced in amounts close to 1 000 000 kg a year. It has been well documented that the toxicity of these energetic chemicals can be accumulated in bodies of aquatic organisms and terrestrial species such as earthworms and mammals. Under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty INF and Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties the . Department of Defense demilitarization program destroys a significant amount of weapons which generates large amounts of high explosive contaminated wastewaters that needs to be treated 4-6 . In this chapter we will discuss the generation of HEWs and the respective treatment technologies. 429 2007 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 430 Chen et al.