tailieunhanh - Geography and Oceanography - Chapter 11

Why do objects lose their color with depth? The colors other than blue (and green) are absorbed by the water molecules in the first few meters only blue (and green) are reflected Sound is transmitted better Sound is transmitted better in water than it is in air Sound velocity in the ocean is about 1500 m/s, or about 4 times its speed in air Sound velocity increases with pressure and temperature | Midterm #1 results posted early next week see BlackBoard Answer Keys for both White and Blue exams will be provided on course website Scantrons will be returned in labs next week Physical and Chemical Structure of the Ocean Why are the oceans blue? How is sound transmitted in the ocean? Why is the ocean “layered” in many locations? How do you keep your beer cool in the tropics? Light Absorption in Water Intensity decreases rapidly with depth Blue and green penetrate deepest, giving the ocean its color Why do objects lose their color with depth? The colors other than blue (and green) are absorbed by the water molecules in the first few meters -- only blue (and green) are reflected Sound in Sea Water Sound is transmitted better in water than it is in air Sound velocity in the ocean is about 1500 m/s, or about 4 times its speed in air Sound velocity increases with pressure and temperature SOFAR Sound Channel Sound is focused into the SOFAR channel because it is a low velocity region Sound is transmitted best through this channel -- good for whales and submarines (., “Hunt for Red October”) Heard Island Experiment Global Warming -- faster velocity?? Go to Sounds Ocean Temperature Solar Heating Uneven heating of Earth’s surface Release of heat as infrared radiation Requires flow of heat by oceans and atmosphere Surface circulation Global Heat Budget heat at the Earth's surface (342 W/m2) is supplied by absorption of ‘short-wave’ solar radiation from the sun. heat lost from Earth is through long-wave radiation back to space. The Greenhouse Effect The Atmosphere is transparent to sunlight (ultraviolet [UV] and visible) Clouds absorb or reflect about half Sunlight heats the Earth’s surface, which then radiates energy as longer wavelength energy (infrared) This energy is trapped by the atmospheric gases (CO2, H2O, CH4) Special Properties of Water RECALL: Melting and boiling points are very high Highest heat capacity of common . | Midterm #1 results posted early next week see BlackBoard Answer Keys for both White and Blue exams will be provided on course website Scantrons will be returned in labs next week Physical and Chemical Structure of the Ocean Why are the oceans blue? How is sound transmitted in the ocean? Why is the ocean “layered” in many locations? How do you keep your beer cool in the tropics? Light Absorption in Water Intensity decreases rapidly with depth Blue and green penetrate deepest, giving the ocean its color Why do objects lose their color with depth? The colors other than blue (and green) are absorbed by the water molecules in the first few meters -- only blue (and green) are reflected Sound in Sea Water Sound is transmitted better in water than it is in air Sound velocity in the ocean is about 1500 m/s, or about 4 times its speed in air Sound velocity increases with pressure and temperature SOFAR Sound Channel Sound is focused into the SOFAR channel because it is a low