tailieunhanh - Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxoicology - Chapter 7

Unionid vẹm nhạy cảm với các chất gây ô nhiễm môi trường Trong những năm 1960 và 1970, các tác động hóa học các bài kiểm tra độc tính thủy sản kéo dài 2-4 ngày (NAS / Nae 1973; Johnson và Finley 1980; Mayer và Ellersieck 1986). Những độ dài thử nghiệm đầy đủ để xác định tác động ngắn hạn bằng cách sử dụng cái chết như là điểm cuối. Trong khi như vậy tương đối đơn giản kiểm tra không phải là một thước đo chính xác của các độc tố hóa học trong một dòng suối, hồ bởi. | 7 Unionid Mussel Sensitivity to Environmental Contaminants Anne Keller Mike Lydy and D. Shane Ruessler INTRODUCTION In the 1960s and 1970s chemical impacts on aquatic toxicity tests that lasted 2-4 days NAS NAE 1973 Johnson and Finley 1980 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 . These test lengths were adequate to determine short-term effects using death as the endpoint. While such relatively simple tests are not an exact measure of chemical toxicity in a stream or lake because local factors can ameliorate or exacerbate effects they served as the basis of most early water quality criteria because they comprised the best and most abundant available data. At that time the art and science of toxicity testing was in its infancy and chronic tests require substantially more sophistication relative to equipment facilities and expertise. Acute tests provide repeatable results as well as being simple rapid inexpensive and provide an easily recognizable endpoint-death. Acute data were and are still used to compare toxicity among species trophic levels different formulations and different compounds Johnson and Finley 1980 Mayer and Ellersieck 1986 . US water quality criteria were originally based upon toxicity data from a suite of aquatic species that represented 95 of those tested Stephan et al. 1985 . For each chemical a set of test data that include plant and animal species from several trophic levels having different habitat requirements relying on different food sources and with different life spans were used. Taken together responses of several taxa more adequately portray the toxicity of a chemical to the ecosystem than do toxicity data from just one or two species. Data from bioaccumulation studies field exposures and any available chronic data were also included when available. The use of a suite of species also provided the opportunity to include data from species that are important to society because they are food sources of recreational value or are species of special concern