tailieunhanh - Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxoicology - Chapter 4

Tuyên truyền và Văn hóa của Trai sò nước ngọt Việc tuyên truyền và phục hồi các loài được liệt kê liên bang đã được hỗ trợ bởi chính sách bằng văn bản của cá và Động vật Hoang dã Hoa Kỳ (USFWS) và sống biển quốc gia (NMFS). Chính sách này phác thảo các hướng dẫn cụ thể cho việc sử dụng tuyên truyền như một công cụ cần thiết cho việc phục hồi và bảo tồn của một dân số suy giảm thông qua hỗ trợ từ Đạo luật các loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng năm 1973. Những. | 4 Propagation and Culture of Freshwater Mussels Cristi D. Bishop Robert Hudson and Jerry L. Farris INTRODUCTION The propagation and recovery of federally listed species has been supported by written policy from the . Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS and National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS . This policy outlines specific guidelines for the use of propagation as an essential tool for recovery and conservation of a declining population through support from the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Historical propagation efforts of other invertebrates vertebrates and plant species have indicated that this approach has circumvented the decline of certain species. Furthermore one of the goals of species restoration is to develop sound policies based on best available technology subsequently the use of propagation in freshwater mussel recovery plans may allow for alternative techniques beyond conventional fish host encystments. Implementing species recovery as outlined in the Endangered Species Act requires scientists to not only provide the technology for viable populations . surviving and reproducing individuals but also to account for their habitat and life history requirements so that populations can maintain enough genetic variability to adapt to changes in the environment. Unionid propagation in the United States began in the early 1900s employing techniques very similar to those used today which provided scientists a basis for understanding at least the limited requirements of this complex group of invertebrates. Understanding the life history of this unique group of invertebrates also forces us to examine the life history physiology biochemistry immunochemistry and bioaccumulation of specific host fish. The specific morphology of the fish gill as well as the blood supply and gas exchange that it provides has been well published in the literature. This understanding of host-fish physiology was a prerequisite for the development of artificial culture media in .