tailieunhanh - The Psychology of Money and Public Finance by Günter Schmölders (Dec 12, 2006)_5

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the psychology of money and public finance by günter schmölders (dec 12, 2006)_5', tài chính - ngân hàng, tài chính doanh nghiệp phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Total net income of household monthly N Equipment levelb a Level of aspirationb b Consumption of standardb a b 0-599 305 488 299 718 600-699 201 594 301 896 700-899 488 768 305 1073 900-999 200 878 287 1166 1000-1499 267 1006 303 1309 1500 and more 133 1190 207 1397 All households 1594 785 279 1065 a The data are taken from a survey directed by the Forschungsstelle fur empirische Sozialoeko-nomik Cologue 1969 they are based on a random sample representative of all households in the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin N 1682 . b Equipment level level of aspiration and consumption standard show the averages of an index calculated from 29 durables presented to the interviewed households see Appendix . income under DM 600 are below average and although the level of aspiration does increase slightly within the next income group DM 700 further increases in income do not result in further increases in aspirations. Indeed in the highest income bracket a remarkable drop in the level of aspiration may be noted. The factor of saturation represents a major problem in determining the relationship between income and demand. This saturation is expressed by a relatively flat curve of needed goods which in the highest income bracket may even turn in a negative direction. The point of saturation is reached much sooner with respect to the requirements of subsistence than to luxuries. The flat curve of the level of aspiration expressed by our data and the negative ratio of increase of the level of aspiration over DM 1500 income point to tendencies which Morgan noted for the US as early as 1958 expenditure for consumer investment goods at that time - contrary to previous times and to conditions in other countries at the same time - could be represented by an Engel curve this suggests that in the US many durable goods had at that time already begun to be considered as necessities. Today this explanation seems to be applicable to the Federal Republic of Germany as incomes .