tailieunhanh - The Future Security Environment in the Middle East Conflict, Stability, and Political Change phần 5

Điều kiện y tế trong nước là một trong những sản phẩm tốt nhất trong khu vực; số liệu của chính phủ đặt mức Jordan tuyển sinh tiểu học (trên 95%) và trung học (65%) trong số cao nhất dành cho người lớn biết chữ Ả Rập hôm nay là một trong những mức cao nhất trong khu vực: | Chapter Four CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST Risa Brooks Military establishments are among the most if not the most important domestic constituencies in the states of the Middle East. Despite periodic experiments with political and economic liberalization the region s Arab states in particular remain solidly Political leaders rely ultimately on coercive power to maintain their positions and depend upon their armed forces to defend against challengers and opponents. For this reason military organizations are constituencies no authoritarian leader can afford to ignore. In fact political leaders have proven quite successful in managing relations with their armed forces. Throughout the Middle East leaders have attained and retained political control over their militaries even as they continue to depend on their officers loyalty to maintain office. Analyzing the bases of this political control provides crucial insight into the internal logic of the region s authoritarian regimes. Civil-military relations are essential for evaluating the past and future stability of the key . adversaries and allies in the region. Assessing civil-military relations is also significant for regional relations and broader . security interests. Civil-military relations often compromise their military effectiveness and consequently the capacity of allies and adversaries in the region to project conventional military power. Military establishments play a dual role in the authoritarian regimes of the Middle East. They act as defenders of state and sovereignty against external adversaries. Yet they also de- 1For details of these patterns of liberalization see Chapter Two of this volume. 129 130 The Future Security Environment in the Middle East fend the regime from internal opponents and challengers. This dual mandate creates particular pressures for leaders. They must ensure the support and quiescence of military leaders which as final guarantors of the regime