tailieunhanh - English for Professional and Academic Purposes phần 3

Tham khảo tài liệu 'english for professional and academic purposes phần 3', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Hidden influencers and the scholarly enterprise A cross-cultural linguistic study of acknowledgments in medical research articles1 Franẹoise Salager-Meyer María Ángeles Alcaraz Ariza and Maryelis Pabón Berbesí The frequency and length of acknowledgments ACK the number of named and unnamed acknowledgees the number of grants received and the sources of funding are here analyzed in medical research articles published in four different geographical contexts Venezuela Spain France and the USA. Significant differences were found in all the variables between the US sample on the one hand and the two Spanish-and the French-medium samples on the other. We conclude that the concept of intellectual indebtedness differs from one geographical context to another and that sub-author collaboration is not only discipline-dependent but also language- and context-dependent. 1 Introduction Acknowledgements ACKs have existed for over 500 years but as Roberts 2003 interestingly reports the common practice of acknowledging among 16th and 17th century authors was not to recognize any intellectual contribution as is most frequently the case today but to thank financial benefactors or to endear authors to potential patrons. This form of acknowledgments was called an impensis which in Latin mans at the expense of. Another type of acknowledgement these early authors quite frequently resorted to was what Roberts calls a prudent bow to the official body religious or secular that licensed the printing of the book. That form was known as imprimatur Latin for let it be printed . Later for strategic reasons and for underlining academic network dependence and belonging ACKs started flourishing in academic writing and publishing from doctoral dissertations to scientific research articles. It is this latter type of ACK that the present paper deals with but before entering into the heart of the subject let us briefly examine how ACKs are viewed by two discourse communities that only recently got .