tailieunhanh - Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems for Impact Assessment - Chapter 2

Chuyên gia hệ thống và hỗ trợ quyết định - Và ở một mức độ lịch sử - chương này phương pháp tập trung vào các tính chất và tiềm năng của ES vượt ra ngoài giới thiệu ngắn gọn cho các hệ thống này trong Chương 1, bằng cách nhìn lại sự phát triển ban đầu của họ và một số tính năng của họ có liên quan nhất. Nó được cấu trúc thành bốn phần: tại mục , sự xuất hiện của hệ thống chuyên gia được thảo luận trong bối cảnh của sự phát triển của lĩnh vực. | 2 Expert systems and decision support INTRODUCTION This methodological - and to some extent historical - chapter focuses on the nature and potential of ES beyond the brief introduction to these systems in Chapter 1 by looking back at their early development and some of their most relevant features. It is structured into four sections in Section the emergence of expert systems is discussed in the context of the development of the field of Artificial Intelligence in Section the typical structure of expert systems is discussed in Section we discuss the promise of expert systems and the extent of its fulfillment and in Section we expand the discussion to cover the wider area of so-called Decision Support Systems DSS . EXPERT SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial intelligence AI has been defined in a variety of ways primarily by its aims as reflected in a number of well-known AI manuals and textbooks to simulate intelligent behaviour Nilsson 1980 to study of how to make computers do things at which at the moment people are better Rich 1983 to understand the principles that make intelligence possible Winston 1984 to study human intelligence by trying to simulate it with computers Boden 1977 . Definitions of AI such as these tend to be based on some degree of belief in the provocative statement made by Marvin Minsky MIT in the 1960s that the brain happens to be a meat machine McCorduck 1979 which by implication can be simulated. The main difference between these definitions is in their varying degree of optimism about the possibility of reproducing 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson 28 GIS and expert systems for IA human intelligence mechanically while the first two seem to put the emphasis on the simulation of intelligence reproducing intelligent behaviour the last two - more cautious - put the emphasis rather on understanding intelligence. In fact the tension between doing and knowing has been one of the driving forces in