tailieunhanh - Tiếng anh ngành công nghệ sinh học

Tế bào là đơn vị chức năng cơ bản của cuộc sống. Nó được phát hiện bởi Robert Hooke và là đơn vị chức năng của tất cả các sinh vật sống được biết đến. Nó là đơn vị nhỏ nhất của cuộc sống mà được phân loại như một sinh vật sống, và thường được gọi là khối xây dựng cuộc sống. Một số vi sinh vật, chẳng hạn như hầu hết các vi khuẩn, đơn bào (bao gồm một tế bào duy nhất) | English for Biotechnology 1 1 THE CELL The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms such as most bacteria are unicellular consist of a single cell . Other organisms such as humans are multicellular. Humans have about 100 trillion or 1014 cells a typical cell size is 10 pm and a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The largest cells are about 135 pm in the anterior horn in the spinal cord while granule cells in the cerebellum the smallest can be some 4 pm and the longest cell can reach from the toe to the lower brain stem Pseudounipolar cells . The largest known cells are unfertilised ostrich egg cells which weigh pounds. In 1835 before the final cell theory was developed Jan Evangelista Purkyne observed small granules while looking at the plant tissue through a microscope. The cell theory first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells that all cells come from preexisting cells that vital functions of an organism occur within cells and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. The word cell comes from the Latin cellula meaning a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in. There are two types of cells eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms. -I- Prokaryotic cells The prokaryote cell is simpler and therefore smaller than a eukaryote cell lacking a nucleus and most of the