tailieunhanh - Waste Treatment in the Process Industries - Chapter 6

Ngành công nghiệp dầu khí, một trong những ngành công nghiệp lớn nhất thế giới, có bốn chi nhánh lớn [1]. Các ngành sản xuất khai thác dầu và mang nó đến các bề mặt trong mỏ dầu. Các ngành giao thông vận tải gửi dầu thô cho nhà máy lọc dầu và cung cấp các sản phẩm tinh chế cho người tiêu dùng. Chi nhánh lọc xử lý dầu thô thành các sản phẩm hữu ích. Chi nhánh tiếp thị bán và phân phối các sản phẩm dầu khí cho người tiêu dùng. . | 6 Treatment of Oilfield and Refinery Wastes Joseph M. Wong Black Veatch Concord California . Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University Cleveland Ohio . The petroleum industry one of the world s largest industries has four major branches 1 . The production branch explores for oil and brings it to the surface in oilfields. The transportation branch sends crude oil to refineries and delivers the refined products to consumers. The refining branch processes crude oil into useful products. The marketing branch sells and distributes the petroleum products to consumers. The subject of this chapter is the treatment of liquid wastes from the production and refining branches. OIL PRODUCTION Each year more than 30 billion barrels of crude oil are produced in the world. The average worldwide and . production rates are 83 million and million barrels per day bpd respectively. Saudi Arabia produced the most crude in 1999 at more than million bpd followed by the former Soviet Union countries at more than million bpd data taken from Oil Gas J. December 18 2000 . Oil production starts with petroleum exploration. Oil geologists study rock formations on and below the Earth s surface to determine where petroleum might be found. The next step is preparing and drilling an oil well. After completing the well which means bringing the well into production petroleum is recovered in much the same way as underground water is obtained. Oil Drilling There are three well-established methods of drilling 1 . The first oil crews used a technique called cable-tool drilling which is still used for boring shallow holes in hard rock formation. Today most . crews use the faster and more accurate method of rotary drilling. On sites where the well must be drilled at an angle crews use the directional drilling technique. Directional drilling is often used in offshore operations because many wells can be drilled directionally from one platform. Petroleum engineers are also