tailieunhanh - Waste Treatment in the Process Industries - Chapter 5

Ngành công nghiệp dược phẩm sản xuất chế phẩm sinh học, hóa chất dược, sản phẩm thực vật, và các sản phẩm dược phẩm được mã số tiêu chuẩn phân loại công nghiệp 2831, 2833 và 2834, cũng như các hàng hóa khác. Ngành công nghiệp được đặc trưng bởi một sự đa dạng của sản phẩm, quy trình, kích thước cây trồng, cũng như số lượng, chất lượng nước thải. Trong thực tế, ngành công nghiệp dược phẩm đại diện cho một loạt các ngành công nghiệp có hoạt động kinh doanh và các quá trình đa dạng như. | 5 Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastes Sudhir Kumar Gupta and Sunil Kumar Gupta Indian Institute of Technology Bombay India Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University Cleveland Ohio . INTRODUCTION The pharmaceutical industry manufactures biological products medicinal chemicals botanical products and the pharmaceutical products covered by Standard Industrial Classification Code Numbers 2831 2833 and 2834 as well as other commodities. The industry is characterized by a diversity of products processes plant sizes as well as wastewater quantity and quality. In fact the pharmaceutical industry represents a range of industries with operations and processes as diverse as its products. Hence it is almost impossible to describe a typical pharmaceutical effluent because of such diversity. The growth of pharmaceutical plants was greatly accelerated during World War II by the enormous demands of the armed forces for life-saving products. Manufacture of the new products particularly the antibiotics that were developed during World War II and later periods exacerbated the wastewater treatment problems resulting from this industry. Industrialization in the last few decades has given rise to the discharge of liquid solid and gaseous emissions into natural systems and consequent degradation of the environment 1 . This in turn has led to an increase in various kinds of diseases which has necessitated the production of a wide array of pharmaceuticals in many countries. Wastewater treatment and disposal problems have also increased as a result. From 1999 to 2000 the . Geological Survey conducted the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants OWC in a network of 139 streams across 30 states. The study concluded that OWC were present in 80 of the streams sampled. The most frequently detected compounds were basically of pharmaceutical origin that is coprostanol fecal steroid cholesterol plant and animal