tailieunhanh - Waste Treatment in the Process Industries - Chapter 2

Chất gây ô nhiễm khó phân hủy trong môi trường ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe con người và hệ sinh thái. Điều quan trọng là đánh giá những rủi ro của các chất gây ô nhiễm cho chính sách môi trường. Đánh giá rủi ro sinh thái (ERA) là một công cụ để đánh giá ảnh hưởng xấu đến môi trường từ hóa chất hoặc căng thẳng về thể chất. Nó được dự đoán rằng ERA sẽ là công cụ chính được sử dụng bởi Bộ Năng lượng Mỹ (USDOE) để thực hiện quản lý chất thải [1]. Bioassays Độc. | 2 Bioassay of Industrial Waste Pollutants Svetlana Yu. Selivanovskaya and Venera Z. Latypova Kazan State University Kazan Russia Nadezda Yu. Stepanova Kazan Technical University Kazan Russia Yung-Tse Hung Cleveland State University Cleveland Ohio . INTRODUCTION Persistent contaminants in the environment affect human health and ecosystems. It is important to assess the risks of these pollutants for environmental policy. Ecological risk assessment ERA is a tool to estimate adverse effects on the environment from chemical or physical stressors. It is anticipated that ERA will be the main tool used by the . Department of Energy USDOE to accomplish waste management 1 . Toxicity bioassays are the important line of evidence in an ERA. Recent environmental legislation and increased awareness of the risk of soil and water pollution have stimulated a demand for sensitive and rapid bioassays that use indigenous and ecologically relevant organisms to detect the early stages of pollution and monitor subsequent ecosystem change. Aquatic ecotoxicology has rapidly matured into a practical discipline since its official beginnings in the 1970s 2-4 . Integrated biological chemical ecotoxicological strategies and assessment schemes have been generally favored since the 1980s to better comprehend the acute and chronic insults that chemical agents can have on biological integrity 5-8 . However the experience gained with the bioassay of solid or slimelike wastes is as yet inadequate. At present the risk assessment of contaminated objects is mainly based on the chemical analyses of a priority list of toxic substances. This analytical approach does not allow for mixture toxicity nor does it take into account the bioavailability of the pollutants present. In this respect bioassays provide an alternative because they constitute a measure for environmentally relevant toxicity that is the effects of a bioavailable fraction of an interacting set of pollutants in a complex .