tailieunhanh - báo cáo khoa học: " The scientific foundation for tobacco harm reduction, 2006-2011"

Tuyển tập báo cáo các nghiên cứu khoa học quốc tế ngành y học dành cho các bạn tham khảo đề tài: The scientific foundation for tobacco harm reduction, 2006-2011 | Rodu Harm Reduction Journal 2011 8 19 http content 8 1 19 HARM REDUCTION JOURNAL REVIEW Open Access The scientific foundation for tobacco harm reduction 2006-2011 Brad Rodu Abstract Over the past five years there has been exponential expansion of interest in tobacco harm reduction THR with a concomitant increase in the number of published studies. The purpose of this manuscript is to review and analyze influential contributions to the scientific and medical literature relating to THR and to discuss issues that continue to stimulate debate. Numerous epidemiologic studies and subsequent meta-analyses confirm that smokeless tobacco ST use is associated with minimal risks for cancer and for myocardial infarction a small increased risk for stroke cannot be excluded. Studies from Sweden document that ST use is not associated with benign gastrointestinal disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases. Although any form of nicotine should be avoided during pregnancy the highest risks for the developing baby are associated with smoking. It is documented that ST use has been a key factor in the declining rates of smoking and of smoking-related diseases in Sweden and Norway. For other countries the potential population health benefits of ST are far greater than the potential risks. In follow-up studies dual users of cigarettes and ST are less likely than exclusive smokers to achieve complete tobacco abstinence but they are also less likely to be smoking. The health risks from dual use are probably lower than those from exclusive smoking. E-cigarette users are not exposed to the many toxicants carcinogens and abundant free radicals formed when tobacco is burned. Although laboratory studies have detected trace concentrations of some contaminants it is a small problem amenable to improvements in quality control and manufacturing that are likely with FDA regulation as tobacco products. There is limited evidence from clinical trials that e-cigarettes .