tailieunhanh - Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 12)

Table 46-3 Causes of Hypokalemia I. Decreased intake A. Starvation B. Clay ingestion II. Redistribution into cells A. Acid-base 1. Metabolic alkalosis B. Hormonal 1. Insulin 2. β2-Adrenergic agonists (endogenous or exogenous) 3. α-Adrenergic antagonists C. Anabolic state 1. Vitamin B12 or folic acid (red blood cell production) 2. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (white blood cell production) 3. Total parenteral nutrition D. Other 1. Pseudohypokalemia 2. Hypothermia 3. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 4. Barium toxicity III. Increased loss A. Nonrenal 1. Gastrointestinal loss (diarrhea) 2. Integumentary loss (sweat) B. Renal 1. Increased distal flow: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, salt-wasting nephropathies . | Chapter 046. Sodium and Water Part 12 Table 46-3 Causes of Hypokalemia I. Decreased intake A. Starvation B. Clay ingestion II. Redistribution into cells A. Acid-base 1. Metabolic alkalosis B. Hormonal 1. Insulin 2. 02-Adrenergic agonists endogenous or exogenous 3. a-Adrenergic antagonists C. Anabolic state 1. Vitamin B12 or folic acid red blood cell production 2. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor white blood cell production 3. Total parenteral nutrition D. Other 1. Pseudohypokalemia 2. Hypothermia 3. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis 4. Barium toxicity III. Increased loss A. Nonrenal 1. Gastrointestinal loss diarrhea 2. Integumentary loss sweat B. Renal 1. Increased distal flow diuretics .