tailieunhanh - Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 9)

The source of free water loss is either renal or extrarenal. Nonrenal loss of water may be due to evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract (insensible losses) or loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Insensible losses are increased with fever, exercise, heat exposure, and severe burns and in mechanically ventilated patients. Furthermore, the Na+ concentration of sweat decreases with profuse perspiration, thereby increasing solute-free water loss. Diarrhea is the most common gastrointestinal cause of hypernatremia. Specifically, osmotic diarrheas (induced by lactulose, sorbitol, or malabsorption of carbohydrate) and viral gastroenteritides result in water loss exceeding that of Na + and. | Chapter 046. Sodium and Water Part 9 The source of free water loss is either renal or extrarenal. Nonrenal loss of water may be due to evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract insensible losses or loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Insensible losses are increased with fever exercise heat exposure and severe burns and in mechanically ventilated patients. Furthermore the Na concentration of sweat decreases with profuse perspiration thereby increasing solute-free water loss. Diarrhea is the most common gastrointestinal cause of hypernatremia. Specifically osmotic diarrheas induced by lactulose sorbitol or malabsorption of carbohydrate and viral gastroenteritides result in water loss exceeding that of Na and K . In contrast secretory diarrheas . cholera carcinoid VIPoma have a fecal osmolality twice the sum of the concentrations of Na and K similar to that of plasma and present with ECF volume contraction and a normal plasma Na concentration or hyponatremia. Renal water loss is the most common cause of hypernatremia and is due to drug-induced or osmotic diuresis or diabetes insipidus Chap. 334 . Loop diuretics interfere with the countercurrent mechanism and produce an isoosmotic solute diuresis. This results in a decreased medullary interstitial tonicity and impaired renal concentrating ability. The presence of non-reabsorbed organic solutes in the tubule lumen impairs the osmotic reabsorption of water. This leads to water loss in excess of Na and K known as an osmotic diuresis. The most frequent cause of an osmotic diuresis is hyperglycemia and glucosuria in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Intravenous administration of mannitol and increased endogenous production of urea high-protein diet can also result in an osmotic diuresis. Hypernatremia secondary to nonosmotic urinary water loss is usually due to 1 Central diabetes insipidus CDI characterized by impaired AVP secretion or 2 NDI resulting from end-organ renal resistance to the actions of AVP. The

• Y học thường thức
• Sodium and Water
• bệnh học và điều trị
• bài giảng bệnh học
• tài liệu học ngành y
• Harrisons Internal Medicine
• Modeling of hydrodynamic processes
• Large leak of water into sodium
• The fast reactor coolant circuit
• Mesh characteristic method
• Sodium water reaction
• Interparticle potential of 10 nanometer titanium nanoparticles in liquid sodium
• 10 nanometer titanium nanoparticles in liquid sodium
• Sodiume water reaction
• Van der Waals forces
• bệnhbệnh học và điều trị
• Sodium and Water học và điều trị
• Changing of soil stability in irrigation with reclaimed water
• Soil stability in irrigation with reclaimed water
• Irrigation with reclaimed water
• Sodium Adsorption Ratio
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Groundwater quality assessment
• Water quality index
• Soluble Sodium percentage
• Nemerows Pollution Index
• NEA and the IAEA
• Sodium cooled fast reactors
• Pressurized water reactors
• Occupational Exposure program
• Nuclear power plants
• RSC water
• Soil dehydrogenase enzyme
• Nutrient content
• Different residual sodium carbonate waters
• Soil nutrient availability
• Sodium selenite
• Selenium enriched yeast
• Carcass characteristics
• Meat quality
• Water holding capacity(WHC)
• Extract reserve volume
• Thiobarbituric acid