tailieunhanh - OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P55

OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P55:There is an ever increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification. The benefits to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great. Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff. | OCA OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 496 The WHERE clause is used to specify conditions that restrict the results set of a query whether it contains joins or not. The JOIN . . . ON clause is also used to specify conditions that limit the results set created by the join. Consider the following two queries Query 1 select .department name from departments d join locations l on where .department name like P Query 2 select name from departments d join locations l on and like P Query 1 uses a WHERE clause to restrict the 27 rows created by equijoining the DEPARTMENTS and LOCATIONS tables based on their LOCATION_ID values to the three that contain DEPARTMENT_ID values beginning with the letter P. Query 2 implements the condition within the brackets of the ON subclause and returns the same three rows. Five tables are joined in Figure 12-7 resulting in a list describing the top earning employees and geographical information about their departments. EXAM TIP There are three natural join formats. The pure natural join uses the NATURAL JOIN clause and joins two tables based on all columns with shared names. The other two formats use the JOIN . . . USING and JOIN . . . ON clauses and are also referred to as natural joins. They do not use the NATURAL keyword. Nonequijoins Nonequijoins match column values from different tables based on an inequality expression. The value of the join column in each row in the source table is compared to the corresponding values in the target table. A match is found if the expression used in the join based on an inequality operator evaluates to true. When such a join is constructed a nonequijoin is performed. A nonequijoin is specified using the JOIN . . . ON syntax but the join condition contains an inequality operator instead of an equal sign. The format of the syntax for a nonequijoin clause is as follows SELECT FROM tablel JOIN .

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