tailieunhanh - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 99

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 99. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 960 Wittgenstein Ludwig language philosophy of logic philosophical psychology philosophy of mathematics and the clarification of the nature and limits of philosophy itself. In each of these his views are revolutionary and virtually without precedent. On every subject he tackled he eschewed received positions and rejected traditional alternatives believing that where philosophy was caught between apparently unavoidable poles . realism and idealism Cartesianism and behaviourism Platonism and formalism it was the common presuppositions ofboth that need to be rejected. The Tractatus is a mere seventy-five pages long written in sybilline marmoreal sentences. It ranges over metaphysics logic and logical truth the nature of representation in general and of propositional representation in particular the status of mathematics and of scientific theory solipsism and the self ethics and the mystical. According to the Tractatus the world is the totality of facts not things. The substance of all possible worlds consists of the totality of sempiternal simple objects . spatio-temporal points unanalysable properties and relations . The form of a simple object consists in its combinatorial possibilities with other objects. The possible concatenation of objects constitutes a state of affairs. The obtaining of a state of affairs is a fact. A representation of a state of affairs is a model or picture. It must possess the same logical multiplicity as and be isomorphic with what it represents. Propositions are logical pictures. They are essentially bipolar . capable ofbeing true and also capable ofbeing false. In this their nature reflects the nature of what they represent since it is of the essence of a state of affairs that it either obtains or does not obtain. An elementary proposition depicts an atomic state of affairs. Its constituent names unanalysable logically simple names go proxy for the objects in reality which are what they mean. The logico-syntactical form of a .