tailieunhanh - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 96

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 96. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 930 two-envelope paradox Timothy J. McGrew David Shier and Harry S. Silverstein The Two-envelope Paradox Resolved Analysis 1995 . tychism see Peirce. type see token. types theory of. Let r be the set of all sets that are not members of themselves x x t x . It follows that r e r if and only if r t r a contradiction. This is known as Rus-sell s paradox. A similar result can be obtained from the property of those properties that do not hold of themselves . R P if and only if P P . Type theory avoids these consequences by segregating properties relations and sets into types . Type 0 items are ordinary objects which are not properties. Type 1 items are properties of ordinary objects type 2 items are properties of type 1 properties etc. Personhood is type 1 and holding of exactly six objects is type 2. Things get more complex when relations are considered. There is for example a type of relations between type 1 properties and ordinary objects. In ramified type theory types are further segregated into levels. Type 1 level 0 properties are those that can be defined with reference to type 0 items ordinary objects alone. Type 1 level 1 properties are those that can be defined with reference to type 0 items and type 1 level 0 properties etc. In general each property must be defined with reference to only properties of lower type and properties of its type but lower level. Simple type theory does not employ levels and allows unrestricted or impredicative definitions. . higher-order logic vicious circle reducibility axiom of logic history of. Allen Hazen Predicative Logics in D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner eds. Handbook ofPhilosophicalLogic i Dordrecht 1983 . U ugliness. The property of having aesthetic disvalue eliciting not indifference but discomfort or misery. Modes of ugliness in art correspond to the various modes ofbeauty or aesthetic value. Ifthe mode is formal ugliness is the ill-formed or deformed misshapen ill-placed. If the mode is expressive the ugly may be the .