tailieunhanh - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 79

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 79. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 760 probability statements of supporting evidence being suppressed. On this view we have no dispute with Dalton since he was speaking presumably correctly about the relation of a theory to the evidence available to him. . L. J. Cohen An Introduction to the Philosophy of Induction and Probability Oxford 1989 . D. Gillies Philosophical Theories of Probability London 2000 . I. Hacking An Introduction to Probability and Deductive Logic Cambridge 2000 . J. R. Lucas The Concept of Probability Oxford 1970 . S. E. Toulmin The Uses of Argument Cambridge 1958 . R. von Mises Probability Statistics and Truth New York 1957 . probability conditional see conditional probability. problematic. 1 Perplexing questionable. 2 In traditional logic problematic propositions are those that are marked with a sign of possibility especially in connection with Aristotle s modal syllogistic . It is possible for all eggs not to be speckled Some people can touch their toes . The possibility might be logical physical epistemic etc. Its scope is often ambiguous. 3 The word is sometimes used in the German manner as a noun for a set of problems or a way of seeing problems. . H. W. B. Joseph An Introduction to Logic 2nd edn. Oxford 1916 . process. A process is a series of changes with some sort of unity or unifying principle to it. Hence process is to change or event rather as syndrome is to symptom . What sort of unity might a given process have Perhaps just this that the process is found to recur sufficiently often in nature it seems to belong to a natural kind . In this case lumping the constituent changes together is as natural as lumping the different features of a cow together as a unity. But with both cows and processes some philosophers have thought there must be some underlying principle of unity that binds the constituent features or changes together. Whitehead made much use of the notion of a process and process theology grew out of his work. On the whole however modern .