tailieunhanh - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 74

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 74. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 710 philosophy the influence of urbanization and the growth of industry. The utilitarian-ism of Bentham and the Mills discarded the natural-rights liberalism of Locke and reached back to the starker doctrines of Hobbes and Hume. Marx depended on Hegel even if he turned him upside-down basing history on man s material and economic life rather than on the progress of Spirit. Schopenhauer and Nietzsche rejected the rational optimism of the Enlightenment respectively accepting and glorifying the will and preparing the way for all kinds of anti-rational excess in belief and practice. In the wasteland of modernity a host of belief systems largely untouched by philosophy sprang up like the oriental religions of imperial Rome fascism nudism vegetar-ianism parapsychology environmentalism. Feminism broke away from its demure nineteenth-century liberal form along with parallel movements for the emancipation of homosexuals and animals. Psychiatry turned from Freud s sombre recognition of the dependence of civilization on the control of instinct to ecstatic doctrines of the total liberation of impulse. If not inspired all this was at least abetted by philosophies such as existentialism and post-structuralism which proclaimed the inescapable arbitrariness of choice the death of man and the inherent self-deceivingness of any kind of rationalism. Englishspeaking analytic philosophers notably Russell and Popper both widely read by non-philosophers sustained the battered programme of the Enlightenment arguing for the continuing liberalization of constraining institutions education marriage property and the state. . philosopher may preach pseudo-philosophy Marxist philosophy Platonism Thomism. philosophy maps of see Appendix. philosophy popular see popular philosophy. philosophy pseudo- see pseudo-philosophy. philosophy radical see radical philosophy. philosophy teaching see teaching philosophy. philosophy the value and use of. The direct value and use of philosophy is either .