tailieunhanh - The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 16

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 16. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 130 casuistry individual case casus of conscience and characteristically involves answering the question whether an act that an agent wishes to perform does or does not conflict with a law. The art which was particularly associated with priests exercising pastoral care fell into disrepute partly because of the multiplication of fine distinctions that began to be made as ways were sought of so describing the act in question that it did not conflict with a law with which it could otherwise be seen plainly to be in conflict. Such justificatory exercises were regarded as pandering to the vice of laxity. The art of casuistry shorn ofits laxist associations is beginning to flourish again today within the field of professional particularly medical ethics. . Edmund Leites ed. Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe Cambridge 1988 . cat Schrodinger s. A quantum mechanical system supposedly exists in a superposition of states until a measurement or observation is made whereupon the system will be found to exist in just one of those states though it is impossible to predict with certainty which state that will be. As long as this picture is only held to apply to microphysical states it may not appear unacceptably paradoxical. But the following thought experiment suggests that the threat is not so easily contained. Imagine a cat confined to a box containing a bottle of poisonous gas which will break killing the cat if and only ifa device connected to it registers the radioactive decay of a radium atom. If the atom device and cat together constitute a quantum system then it seems that this system will exist in a superposition of states unless and until an observer tries to determine which state it is in by seeing whether or not the cat is dead. But this implies that in the absence ofsuch an observation the cat is neither determin-ately dead nor determinately alive which seems absurd. This thought experiment was conceived by Erwin Schrodinger 1887-1961 an eminent .

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