tailieunhanh - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 33

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 33', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | I. The semantics of the present perfect 217 c As far as the full situation is concerned there are three temporal W-interpretations the indefinite reading i. e. the full situation comes to an end before t0 the continuative reading i. e. the time of the full situation includes t0 and the up-to-now reading i. e. the terminal point of the full situation is adjacent to t0 . These will be discussed in 4 below. Later on in this chapter we will explain that the present perfect has not only one core meaning two T-interpretations and three W-interpretations but also at least in its up-to-now W-interpretation two functional readings one of which allows further possible readings. Figure gives an overview of all these meanings in the nontechnical sense of the word . What is not mentioned in this table is that as we will see it is sometimes possible to distinguish a few usage types within a given W-interpretation. Thus the so-called resulta-tive perfect hot news perfect and perfect of experience are all nontemporal W-readings which are assigned to certain present perfect sentences that receive the indefinite temporal W-interpretation see 16. Figure . The various readings of clauses in the present perfect. 218 5. The absolute use of the present perfect II. The temporal W-interpretations of present perfect clauses Introduction Since the situation time may coincide with the pre-present or be included in it and since the time of the full situation can similarly contain the situation time in terms of coincidence or inclusion there are in principle four possibilities as far as the W-relation between the time of the full situation and the pre-present time-zone is concerned. In practice however clauses in the present perfect can only receive three different temporal W-interpretations concerning the location of the full situation relative to the prepresent an indefinite continuative or up-to-now reading. The reading is indefinite if the time of the full .