tailieunhanh - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 104

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 104', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 714 14. Adverbial before-clauses and after-clauses Because of this the Anchor time is felt to be the time when the state immediately resulting from the before-clause situation is holding. Thus John left before Bill had gone inside is normally interpreted as John left before Bill was inside . However apart from this immediate result reading the sentence may also allow a perfect of experience interpretation John left before Bill had ever been inside . This is however not the unmarked interpretation. It comes to the fore only if a word like ever is added to the before-clause John went in before Bill had ever gone inside. Summarizing sections 10 we can say that out of context the intended reading of the before-clause determines the choice of tense past tense or past perfect in the before-clause in the following ways a Only the past tense can suggest a t0-factual reading. b Only the past perfect can express the combination of a not-yet-factual reading and a perfect of experience reading. c The combination of a not-yet-factual reading and an immediate result reading can only be expressed by the past tense if the verb phrase is stative and by the past perfect if the verb phrase is nonstative dynamic . It follows that out of context 8 a past tense in a before-clause automatically receives a t0-factual reading under the conditions specified i. e. when neither the context nor pragmatic knowledge enforces a particular reading when the verb is nonstative but not when it is stative. The use of the past perfect in a nonstative before-clause does not trigger a not-yet-factual reading if before is immediately preceded by a negator When I repulsed him he attempted to rape me. I fought him off but not before he d stolen my handbag and several articles of clothing. WTBS He came to see me at five every day but never before he d called on his Mum first. These examples show that if the head clause is t0-factual the use of not before or never before anyhow triggers

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