tailieunhanh - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 100

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 100', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 686 14. Adverbial before-clauses and after-clauses Abstract This chapter deals with the use of tenses in sentences consisting of a head clause and an adverbial time clause if the latter is introduced by before or after. Until-clauses are also included in the discussion. Part I deals with before-clauses. We begin by explaining the temporal structure of before which is interpreted as before the time at which . The implicit orientation time lexicalized as the time in this paraphrase is called the Anchor time . The before-clause establishes a durative Adv-time which contains the situation time of the head clause or another orientation time from the tense structure of the head clause in terms of inclusion or coincidence. The situation time of the before-clause can function as Anchor time or is T-related to the Anchor time by a relative tense form. In section B of part I we investigate the tenses that can be used in the head clause and the before-clause if the latter functions as a situation-time adverbial i. e. if the situation time of the head clause is the orientation time that is contained in the Adv-time denoted by the before-clause . We come to the conclusion that there are several possible temporal configurations the most important of which are illustrated by John left before Bill arrived which represents both situations as past facts John had left before Bill arrived where the head clause receives a resultative reading and John left before Bill had arrived where the past perfect underscores the not-yet-factual-at-t read ing of the before-clause i. e. the idea that Bill had not yet arrived when John left . In section C of part I we examine the exceptional cases in which a before-clause functions as an orientation-time adverbial. Section D of part I is concerned with the various factors including the choice of tense which can induce the before-clause to be interpreted as factual as in John left before Bill arrived counterfactual as in John died two weeks before he