tailieunhanh - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 84

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 84', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 574 11. Tense choice determined by temporal focus The word definite in the comment to the last example may mean either referential or attributive in Donnellan s 1966 sense. That is it is not necessary that the time of opening the bottle is definite in the sense that the speaker knows and assumes the hearer to know when exactly it was that the bottle was opened the referential reading . It is sufficient that the speaker knows and assumes that the hearer knows that the bottle was opened hence that there exists a time when the bottle was opened even if they do not know the exact temporal location of that time the attributive reading . The latter reading is sufficient because the message that the speaker wants to convey is that the milk was already sour in the unopened bottle. The question when exactly the bottle was opened is quite immaterial to this. The time focussed on by the speaker can be recoverable not only from a time-specifying adverbial but also from the context. Compare The paint was white. not fully interpretable in isolation I asked John about the colour of the paint. It was white. The situation time is interpreted as W-simultaneous with the time when I questioned John. The latter example can be modified so that the second clause refers to the present I asked John about the colour of the paint. It is white. In this case the shift of temporal domain see implies a shift of temporal focus from the past to the present. In the case of relative tenses temporal focus is also reflected in the tense chosen. However a relative tense involves at least two orientation times the situation time and the time of orientation by which the situation time is bound in a relation of simultaneity anteriority or posteriority. The temporal focus may be on the situation time or the binding time so that except when the relation between the two is T-simultaneity we rely on adverbials and other contextual factors as well as tense to ascertain more exactly where the temporal .

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