tailieunhanh - The grammar book teacher course part 35

In the case of English, verb tense morphology consists of auxiliary verbs and certain suffixes or word endings such as -ing. Thus, we could describe the verb tense morphology of the past progressive tense in English as consisting of the past tense form of the auxiliary verb frand the -rȣ added to the base form of the main verb. | Chapter 12 Imperatives 235 Notice that if there is a you subject the addiction of please seems odd Please you give me a glass of water. You please give me a glass of water. You give me a glass of water please. Kindly can also be used to make an imperative more polite. Kindly hand me the wrench. Another way to enhance the politeness of imperatives when they are used as offers wishes or invitations is to use the do auxiliary verb which makes the wish or offer more emphatic Have a good time. Come in. Do have a good time. Do come in. In contrast to polite imperatives with please imperatives with just adds affect that can be either negative as in Just you wait and see or positive as in Just be patient everything will work out. On Politeness and Rudeness To provide some balance here we must also acknowledge that although we want to help our students to be as polite in English as they want to be we do not want to give ESL EFL students the impression that they should always opt for the most polite form possible. Beebe 1996P for instance advises teaching students how to be rude so that they can deal with people appropriately when the situation calls for it for instance when they feel they are being taken advantage of. Moreover undue politeness can have a distancing effect of its own. Perhaps the rule of thumb here should be the principle that Ervin-Tripp 1982 laid out with respect to the use of imperatives. It is not so much that a power differential between speaker and listener conditions the use of an imperative it is more the case that imperatives are used when cooperation is assumed. For example it can be assumed that a private in the army will cooperate with an officer accordingly an imperative is appropriate. If the cooperation of one s peers can be assumed imperatives are also appropriate. For instance telling someone to Pass the catsup at the dinner table is perfectly acceptable because there is no reason to assume lack of cooperation. Of course the use of pleaseis