tailieunhanh - The grammar book teacher course part 23

Of course, it is also true that for other learners, neither approach is entirely successful. Their language development may become arrested in an immersion environ-ment, once their communicative needs have been met. For some, classroom instruction is unduly limiting. | Chapter 8 Modal Auxilaries and Related Phrasal Forms 149 Yesterday I wasn t able to go to Disney Yesterday I couldn t go to Disney World. J 1 did not S The Possibility did not exist. Shall One modal we have not discussed in any detail is shall. Since it is used infrequently in North American English we prefer to teach this form to most of our students for reception rather than production. For advanced students we point out that when shall does occur it is usually found in requests for a decision or for advice from the addressee in tags with let s or in statements establishing new topics Shall I call her should can also be used here Let s go shall we Next we shall discuss the difference between Xand Y. Shall does occur in some frozen formulas where it signifies an invitation or a suggestion. In such cases should cannot be substituted for shall without a change of meaning Shall we dance would you like to dance . an invitation Should we dance is it advisable . a question In formal commands both affirmative and negative one occasionally encounters shall You shall report promptly at 0500 hours. You shall not wear sandals in the mess hall. Certainly the old prescriptive rule . use shall to express future time with I and we use will elsewhere no longer holds true for North American English. Wi f Versus Be Going To Often the choice between semantically similar modals or between modals and phrasal forms will be a matter of usage preference rather than meaning per se. For example for deciding whether to use will or be going to some general guidelines come from work by Stafford 1975 McCarthy and Carter 1995 and others. First of all be going to is more informal and interpersonal than will which is more formal and neutral as an expression of future time. Thus one of two friends at a restaurant says to the other friend I m gonna have the mushrooms. However several minutes later the same speaker says to the waiter I ll have the mushrooms. Likewise an army officer