tailieunhanh - The grammar book teacher course part 101

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar book teacher course part 101', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 7 lfi The Grammar Book Mr. W. said yesterday that work continued through the week. More research along these lines with other reporting verbs would be useful. Present Versus Past Tense with Reporting Verbs While much has been said about the sequence of tenses in complex sentences when a main verb occurs in a past tense we have said nothing about how a writer chooses between present and past tense in main clauses . Smith says X versus Smith saidX. Vividness One criterion mentioned by Thompson 1994 11 Off. that bears on tense choice is the desire to achieve a vividness effect a desire mentioned in Chapters 7 and 9 in connection with historical present tense in general. The difference in effect can be seen below The newspaper said the shop windows downtown are were all decorated for the holidays. The newspaper says the shop windows downtown are all decorated for the holidays. The choice of present tense in the second sentence may reflect the speaker s sense of immediacy and vividness. Present Relevance Another criterion mentioned by Thompson has already been noted in connection with a condition where scquence-of-tenscs can be overridden the case in which the reporter wishes to emphasize that a statement is still true or somehow of present relevance. Thompson offers the following as examples The shopkeeper says he won t be able to carry on if the population drops any further. It helps that your friend s handy with a pistol. She tells me that she actually got in some target practice in the woods yesterday morning. Presumably the shopkeeper and the friend if asked would repeat the same statements at the dine that the reporting occurs. Speaker Writer Stance Indirectly related to the notion of present relevance is the idea that speakers writers may convey personal stance with regard to a reported proposition through the choice of verb tense. Batstone 1995 illustrates this with the following invented quotation Smith 1980 argued that Britain was no longer a country in .